PL EN
Wydawnictwo
AWSGE
Akademia Nauk Stosowanych
WSGE
im. Alcide De Gasperi
BOOK CHAPTER (115-128)
Political and moral contemporary migration based on the example of persecution of women (gender as a condition for obtaining refugee status)
 
More details
Hide details
 
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Subject of research: Among refugees all over the world who seek asylum in foreign countries women and girls constitute almost a half. This statistical data is based on the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The reasons why women more often than ever wish to obtain refugee status are very varied, ranging from social, political, religious or moral persecutions to human trafficking or transplant aims. These are not, however, the reasons that may be categorized as a cumulative catalogue. Unfortunately, the development of the contemporary world implies more and more reasons as well as new forms of violating women’s rights, who are forced to leave their countries of origin. Purpose of research: On the basis of these crucial problems, the following article has been devoted to this problem. Its main is to characterize what the UNHCR process of creating standard for implementing gender presumption to refugee procedures looked like. Even though over 65 years have passed since the adoption of the Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951, one should still conduct theoretical practices and practical actions that shall sanction persecution of women, in this case providing the international protection, i.e. granting refugee status. Methods: In the following dissertation the methods of analyzing legal acts and documents, mainly international ones, have been used. Aditionally, the study included the positions of legal doctrine as well as statistical data.
 
REFERENCES (26)
1.
Anker D. E., Law of Asylum in the United States (3rd edn), Refugee Law Center, 1999.
 
2.
Bernier C., The IRB Guidelines onWomen Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution, International Journal of Refugee Law, special issue, 1997.
 
3.
Crawley H., Gender – Related Persecution and Women’s Claims to Asylum, http://www.refugeelegalaidinfo... women%E2%80%99s-claims-asylum, dostęp online dnia: 24 czerwca 2016.
 
4.
Crawley H., Refugees and Gender: Law and Process, Jordans, Bristol, 2001.
 
5.
Cwerner S.B., The times of migration, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies No. 7(1)/2001.
 
6.
Degani P., Prawa człowieka a handel kobietami i młodymi ludźmi w Europie. Przybornik edukacyjny. Podręcznik, Università di Padova 2007.
 
7.
General Conclusion on International Protection General Conclusion on International Protection No. 77 (XLVI) – 1995, contained in United Nations General Assembly document A/AC.96/860 and document no. 12A (A/50/12/Add.1).
 
8.
General Conclusion on International Protection General Conclusion on International Protection No. 79 (XLVII) – 1996, contained in United Nations General Assembly document A/AC.96/878 and document No. 12A (A/51/12/Add.1).
 
9.
General Conclusion on International Protection General Conclusion on International Protection No. 81 (XLVIII) – 1997, contained in United Nations General Assembly Document No. 12A (A/52/12/Add.1).
 
10.
General Conclusion on International Protection General Conclusion on International Protection No. 87 (L) – 1999, contained in United Nations General Assembly document A/AC.96/928 et document no. 12A (A/54/12/Add.1).
 
11.
Goldberg P., Analytical Approaches in Search of Consistent Application: A Comparative Analysis of the Second Circuit Decisions Addressing Gender in the Asylum Law Context, Brooklyn Law Review No. 66/2000.
 
12.
Górny A., Kaczmarczyk P., Uwarunkowania i mechanizmy migracji zarobkowych w świetle wybranych koncepcji teoretycznych, Prace Migracyjne Nr 49/2003, Warszawa.
 
13.
Guidelines on international protection: Gender-Related Persecution within the context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/02/01, 7 May 2002.
 
14.
Guidelines on international protection: The application of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees to victims of trafficking and persons at risk of being trafficked – 2007, HCR/GIP/06/07.
 
15.
Hathaway J.C., The Law of Refugee Status, Butterworths, Toronto, 1991.
 
16.
Immigration and Refugee Board, Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender – Related Persecution, Canada, 25 Nov. 1996.
 
17.
Jackman B., Well-Founded Fear of Persecution and Other Standards of Decision – Making: A North American Perspective, [in:] Asylum Lawand Practice in Europe and North America: A Comparative Analysis (ed. J. Bhabha and G. Coll, 1st edn,Washington DC, 1992.
 
18.
Kälin W., Well-Founded Fear of Persecution: A European Perspective, [in:] Asylum Law and Practice in Europe and North America: A Comparative Analysis (ed. J. Bhabha and G. Coll), 1st edn, Washington DC, 1992.
 
19.
Konwencja dotycząca statusu uchodźców, sporządzona w Genewie dnia 28 lipca 1951 r., Dz.U. 1991, nr 119, poz. 516.
 
20.
Niżyńska A., Prześladowanie ze względu na płeć? Płeć jako przesłanka nadania statusu uchodźcy, Instytut Spraw Publicznych, Warszawa 2014.
 
21.
Ravenstein E.G., The Laws of Migration, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society No. 52(2)/1889.
 
22.
Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence No. 73 (XLIV) – 1993, contained in United Nations General Assembly Document No. 12A (A/48/12/Add.1).
 
23.
Refugee Women and International Protection Refugee Women and International Protection ExCom Conclusion No. 39 (XXXVI), 1985, http://www.refworld.org/ pdfid/4b28bf1f2.pdf, dostęp online dnia: 12 czerwca 2016.
 
24.
Summary Conclusion: Gender – Related Persecution, Global Consultations on International Protection, San Remo Expert Roundtable 6-8 September 2001, Organised by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, http://www.refworld.org/docid/..., dostęp online dnia: 22 czerwca 2016.
 
25.
United Nations Refugee Agency, United Nations Population Fund and Women’s Refugee Commission, Initial assessment: Report: Protection Risks for Women and Girls in the European Refugee and Migrant Crisis Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, UNHCR, 2016.
 
26.
Women at Risk on the Route from Greece to Northern Europe: Findings from Three Assessments, Women’s Refugees Commission, March 2016.
 
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top