This article examines the socio-cultural determinants of education as a fundamental subject within general pedagogy. It highlights the inseparable connection between educational processes – both socialization (upbringing, formation) and instruction – and the specific social, cultural, economic, and political contexts in which both the learner and educator operate. The study discusses key influencing factors such as family, peer groups, national traditions and cultural heritage, economic resources, and state educational policies. Emphasis is placed on the multidimensional nature of these determinants, which may have both beneficial and adverse effects on educational outcomes. The article advocates for an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates cultural values and norms in the development of contemporary education systems. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges faced by modern education amid dynamic socio-cultural transformations and different types of crises as well as proposes Christian pedagogy as one perspective that maintains a humanistic orientation focused on the holistic development of the individual.